Marquette School began as Sacred Heart School in 1918 under the direction of the Ursuline Sisters with 80 pupils in grades one through six. In 1920, Benedictine sisters from St. Joseph's Convent in Guthrie, Oklahoma, began operating the school.

In the spring of 1925, a new church was completed to replace Sacred Heart Parish and it was named "Christ the King." A ninth-grade class was added in 1928 and, in the fall of that year, the Parent Teacher Association suggested renaming the school to avoid disrespect in the use of the name in association with athletics. Thus "Marquette" was adopted in honor of Father Jacques Marquette, a 17th-century French missionary and explorer of the Mississippi River.

Over the years, the school expanded to accommodate the growing parish and by 1932 the twelfth grade had been added. May of 1933 marked the first graduating class of Marquette High School with 22 graduates. Marquette High School closed with the opening of Bishop Kelley High School in 1960.

Benedictine nuns operated Marquette School until 1972. In 1976, the Dominican Sisters of Sinsinawa, Wisconsin, began staffing the school and this relationship lasted until 1983. 

In 1978 the Marquette Early Childhood Development Center (ECDC) was established as a part-time program to serve the families of the Parish of Christ the King. It began in Fletcher Hall, which stood on the current school field. In 1979, the program was moved across the street into a small building with three classrooms. 

Over the next 29 years, ECDC continued to grow and eventually opened its doors full time to meet the changing needs of the community. In 2008, the current ECDC building made its debut. Today, the ECDC is home to five classrooms for children ranging in age from three to five years old. It employs 17 staff members and has an enrollment of nearly 100 students.

Both the K-8 and ECDC are directed by lay administrators working under the supervision of the pastor and administration of the Parish of Christ the King.